扁桃体切除术的主要目的已不再是治疗咽喉感染
发布日期

三十年前,儿童扁桃体切除术中约90%是因为反复咽喉感染而实施的;如今,因感染而手术的比例约为20%,因阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)而手术的比例则约为80%。
什么是扁桃体切除术?
扁桃体切除术是一种切除扁桃体的外科手术。扁桃体是位于咽喉后部的两个小腺体,其中含有白细胞,有助于抵御感染,但扁桃体本身有时也会受到感染。
历史上,扁桃体切除术主要是针对儿童反复咽喉感染而实施的。《Pediatrics》期刊近期发表的一项研究,对两组儿童的预后进行了比较——这些儿童在过去一至三年内均曾出现至少三次咽喉感染,其中一组接受了扁桃体切除术,另一组则未接受手术。研究数据显示,两组儿童的咽喉痛或感染次数均有所减少。在第一个十二个月内,手术组在咽喉痛天数、就诊次数、确诊感染次数及缺课天数方面的减少幅度更大。然而,"两组儿童在任何时间点的生活质量均无显著差异"。
该研究的作者讨论了在感染/咽喉痛严重程度分类方法上存在的局限性。他们得出结论:有中等程度的证据表明,该手术可减少短期感染,但对减少长期感染、缺课或改善生活质量可能没有明显效果。
如今,扁桃体切除术更多地是为了治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)而实施的。
在美国,自1970年代以来,扁桃体切除术的数量已大幅下降,但各地区情况不尽相同。目前,大多数扁桃体切除术是在儿童确诊为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停后才实施的。
儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的原因是什么?
据估计,2-3%的儿童患有睡眠呼吸暂停。阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停是指睡眠期间气道发生部分或完全阻塞,导致气流减少。儿童OSA最常见的原因是扁桃体和腺样体(位于悬雍垂正后方的软组织团块)过度肥大,在睡眠时阻塞气道。扁桃体切除术可使80-90%的儿童睡眠呼吸暂停得到治愈。
儿童与成人的睡眠呼吸暂停有何不同?
总体而言,儿童出现任何打鼾或喘气现象都意味着存在健康风险。事实上,成人每小时呼吸暂停次数不超过5次被认为属于正常范围,不会被诊断为睡眠呼吸暂停;而儿童每小时仅发生1次呼吸暂停,即可作出睡眠呼吸暂停的诊断(了解更多关于呼吸暂停及AHI的信息此处)。
与成人不同,儿童睡眠呼吸暂停的手术治疗几乎总是有效的。但也有手术无效、需要其他治疗的情况。对于部分儿童,减重和/或CPAP治疗可以改善睡眠呼吸暂停(了解更多关于儿童CPAP的信息,请点击此处)。
您是否担心自己或家人可能患有睡眠呼吸暂停等睡眠障碍?欢迎申请睡眠监测或预约睡眠专科医生会诊。
资料来源:http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/17/health/tonsils-removed-surgery-children-study/index.htmlhttp://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2017/01/15/peds.2016-3490 http://www.healthline.com/health/tonsillectomy#Overview1 http://www.entnet.org/content/tonsillectomy-facts-us-ent-doctors
您可能感兴趣的其他文章:
常见问题
In otherwise healthy children with enlarged tonsils, adenotonsillectomy resolves OSA in roughly 70-80 percent of cases per AAP clinical practice guideline data. Success rates are lower (approximately 50-60 percent) in children with obesity, and lower still in children with Down syndrome or craniofacial conditions.
Surgery is recommended for children with documented obstructive sleep apnea (AHI typically 5 or higher on polysomnography) who have enlarged tonsils and adenoids and are otherwise good candidates for elective surgery. Severe cases or cases with anesthesia risk factors warrant pre-operative polysomnography and multidisciplinary planning.
Typical recovery is 7-14 days with pain management, soft diet, and adequate hydration. Pain peaks around days 3-5 then improves. Most children return to school within two weeks. Delayed bleeding between days 5-10 is the most serious complication and is rare but requires immediate medical attention.
A post-operative polysomnogram 6-12 weeks after surgery is recommended for children with risk factors for residual OSA: pre-operative severe disease, obesity, Down syndrome, craniofacial syndromes, or persistent symptoms after surgery. Otherwise healthy children with clear symptom resolution may not need repeat testing.
About 20-30 percent of children have residual OSA after adenotonsillectomy, particularly those with obesity or other risk factors. Treatment options for residual pediatric OSA include weight management, positional therapy, oral appliances, pediatric CPAP under specialist care, or further surgical evaluation.